![]() SLE is difficult to diagnose in the early stages because the symptoms and signs are not typical. These activated immune cells also contributed to the production of pro-inflammatory factors and pathogenic autoantibodies, causing the deposition of immune complexes in tissues and inducing multiple organ damage. Previous studies showed that abnormal activation of immune cells, such as B cells ( 1), T cells ( 2), macrophages ( 3), basophils ( 4) and dendritic cells (DCs) ( 5), etc., played a crucial role in SLE. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that exhibits high population heterogeneity, with women of childbearing age being the most highly affected population. However, their safety and protective effects in patients with SLE still need to be confirmed by further experimental and clinical evidence. We propose various MSC modification methods that may be beneficial in enhancing the immunosuppression of MSCs in SLE. This review summarizes the status of MSC therapy in refractory SLE treatment and potential reasons for the ineffectiveness of MSC therapy from three perspectives. Therefore, the therapeutic effects of MSCs should be further confirmed. However, MSC therapy is also reported ineffective in some patients with SLE, which may be related to MSC- or patient-derived factors. This therapy can improve the signs and symptoms of refractory SLE by promoting the proliferation of Th2 and Treg cells and inhibiting the activity of Th1, Th17, and B cells, etc. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy for autoimmune diseases, particularly SLE, has gained increasing attention. Therefore, effective and low side-effect therapies for SLE are lacking. Although previous studies have demonstrated that SLE is related to the imbalance of cells in the immune system, including B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells, etc., the mechanisms underlying SLE pathogenesis remain unclear. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease. Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.Aifen Li †, Fengbiao Guo †, Quanren Pan, Shuxian Chen, Jiaxuan Chen, Hua-feng Liu * and Qingjun Pan *
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